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Zig 构建系统

何时使用 Zig 构建系统?

基本的命令 zig build-exezig build-libzig build-objzig test 通常已经足够。然而,有时项目需要另一层抽象来管理从源代码构建的复杂性。

例如,可能存在以下情况之一:

如果符合以上任何一种情况,采用 Zig 构建系统将大有裨益。

开始使用

简单的可执行文件

这个构建脚本负责将一个包含对外可见 main 函数的 Zig 文件编译成可执行文件。

hello.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("Hello World!\n", .{});
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("hello.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 66ms MaxRSS:36M

安装构建产物

Zig 构建系统与其他大多数构建系统一样,将项目视为一系列步骤,这些步骤构成一个有向无环图(DAG),每个步骤都可以独立且并发地执行。

默认情况下,图中的主要步骤是 Install,其作用是将构建产物复制到它们的最终存放位置。Install 步骤开始时没有依赖,因此当执行 zig build 命令时,不会发生任何操作。项目的构建脚本必须添加到要安装的物品清单中,这正是上面提到的 installArtifact 函数调用所执行的操作。

Output

├── build.zig
├── hello.zig
├── .zig-cache
└── zig-out
    └── bin
        └── hello

输出结果中包含了两个生成的目录:.zig-cachezig-out。第一个目录包含的文件可以加快后续构建的速度,但这些文件不应该被提交到源代码控制系统中,并且这个目录可以在任何时候完全删除,而不会产生任何影响。

第二个目录,zig-out,用作“安装路径”(installation prefix)。它对应于标准的文件系统层次结构概念。这个目录不是由项目选择的,而是由使用 zig build 的用户通过 --prefix 参数(简写为 -p)来指定的。

作为项目维护者,你决定将哪些内容放入这个目录,但用户选择在他们的系统中安装到哪个位置。构建脚本不应将输出路径直接编写在代码中,因为这样做会破坏缓存、并发性和组合性,同时也会让最终用户感到不便。

为运行应用程序添加一个便捷步骤

通常,我们会添加一个 Run 步骤,以便可以直接从构建命令中运行主应用程序。

hello.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("Hello World!\n", .{});
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("hello.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);

    const run_exe = b.addRunArtifact(exe);

    const run_step = b.step("run", "Run the application");
    run_step.dependOn(&run_exe.step);
}
Shell
$ zig buildrun --summary all

Hello World!
Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
run success
└─ run hello success 14ms MaxRSS:1M
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 44ms MaxRSS:36M

基础

用户提供的选项

使用 b.option 来配置构建脚本,便于最终用户和其他依赖此项目的包进行调整。

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const windows = b.option(bool, "windows", "Target Microsoft Windows") orelse false;

    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("example.zig"),
        .target = b.resolveTargetQuery(.{
            .os_tag = if (windows) .windows else null,
        }),
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 34ms MaxRSS:36M
example.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("Hello World!\n", .{});
}

请关注这几行:

Project-Specific Options:
  -Dwindows=[bool]             Target Microsoft Windows

帮助菜单的这一部分是在运行 build.zig 逻辑时自动生成的。用户可以通过这种方式发现构建脚本的配置选项。

标准配置选项

之前我们使用一个布尔选项来表示为 Windows 构建。然而,我们可以做得更好。

大多数项目都希望提供更改目标和优化设置的能力。为了鼓励这些选项的标准命名约定,Zig 提供了辅助函数 standardTargetOptionsstandardOptimizeOption

standardTargetOptions 使得执行 zig build 命令的用户能够选择他们想要构建的目标平台。默认情况下,脚本将允许构建任何目标平台,如果不做选择,则默认为目标宿主系统。此外,还提供了选项来限制支持的目标平台集合。

standardOptimizeOption 为执行 zig build 命令的用户提供了在 DebugReleaseSafeReleaseFastReleaseSmall 之间进行选择的机会。在默认情况下,构建脚本不会自动选择任何发布模式作为首选设置,因此用户需要明确选择一个优化级别,以便生成一个发布版本的构建。

hello.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("Hello World!\n", .{});
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("hello.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build-Dtarget=x86_64-windows -Doptimize=ReleaseSmall --summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSmall x86_64-windows cached 44ms MaxRSS:36M

现在,我们的帮助菜单包含了更多的项目:

Project-Specific Options:
  -Dtarget=[string]            The CPU architecture, OS, and ABI to build for
  -Dcpu=[string]               Target CPU features to add or subtract
  -Doptimize=[enum]            Prioritize performance, safety, or binary size (-O flag)
                                 Supported Values:
                                   Debug
                                   ReleaseSafe
                                   ReleaseFast
                                   ReleaseSmall

完全可以直接通过 b.option 创建这些选项,但这个 API 为这些常用设置提供了一种常用的命名约定。

在我们的终端输出中,请注意我们传递了 -Dtarget=x86_64-windows -Doptimize=ReleaseSmall。与第一个示例相比,现在我们在安装路径中看到了不同的文件:

zig-out/
└── bin
    └── hello.exe

用于条件编译的选项

要从构建脚本传递选项到项目的 Zig 代码中,请使用 Options 步骤。

app.zig
const std = @import("std");
const config = @import("config");

const semver = std.SemanticVersion.parse(config.version) catch unreachable;

extern fn foo_bar() void;

pub fn main() !void {
    if (semver.major < 1) {
        @compileError("too old");
    }
    std.debug.print("version: {s}\n", .{config.version});

    if (config.have_libfoo) {
        foo_bar();
    }
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "app",
        .root_source_file = b.path("app.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    const version = b.option([]const u8, "version", "application version string") orelse "0.0.0";
    const enable_foo = detectWhetherToEnableLibFoo();

    const options = b.addOptions();
    options.addOption([]const u8, "version", version);
    options.addOption(bool, "have_libfoo", enable_foo);

    exe.root_module.addOptions("config", options);

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}

fn detectWhetherToEnableLibFoo() bool {
    return false;
}
Shell
$ zig build-Dversion=1.2.3 --summary all

Build Summary: 4/4 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install app cached
   └─ zig build-exe app Debug native cached 33ms MaxRSS:36M
      └─ options cached

在这个例子中,由 @import(“config”) 提供的数据是编译时已知的,这阻止了触发 @compileError 语句。如果我们传递了 -Dversion=0.2.3 或者省略了这个选项,那么我们将会看到 app.zig 的编译因为“太旧”的错误而失败。

静态库

这个构建脚本从 Zig 代码创建了一个静态库,并且还创建了一个可执行文件,这个可执行文件依赖于这个静态库。

fizzbuzz.zig
export fn fizzbuzz(n: usize) ?[*:0]const u8 {
    if (n % 5 == 0) {
        if (n % 3 == 0) {
            return "fizzbuzz";
        } else {
            return "fizz";
        }
    } else if (n % 3 == 0) {
        return "buzz";
    }
    return null;
}
demo.zig
const std = @import("std");

extern fn fizzbuzz(n: usize) ?[*:0]const u8;

pub fn main() !void {
    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut();
    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout.writer());
    const w = bw.writer();
    for (0..100) |n| {
        if (fizzbuzz(n)) |s| {
            try w.print("{s}\n", .{s});
        } else {
            try w.print("{d}\n", .{n});
        }
    }
    try bw.flush();
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});

    const libfizzbuzz = b.addStaticLibrary(.{
        .name = "fizzbuzz",
        .root_source_file = b.path("fizzbuzz.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "demo",
        .root_source_file = b.path("demo.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    exe.linkLibrary(libfizzbuzz);

    b.installArtifact(libfizzbuzz);

    if (b.option(bool, "enable-demo", "install the demo too") orelse false) {
        b.installArtifact(exe);
    }
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install fizzbuzz cached
   └─ zig build-lib fizzbuzz Debug native cached 56ms MaxRSS:36M

在这种情况下,最终只有静态库被安装:

zig-out/
└── lib
    └── libfizzbuzz.a

然而,如果你仔细观察,构建脚本中包含了一个选项,也可以安装 demo 程序。如果我们额外传递 -Denable-demo 参数,那么我们会在安装路径中看到它:

zig-out/
├── bin
│   └── demo
└── lib
    └── libfizzbuzz.a

请注意,尽管无条件地调用了 addExecutable,但实际上,除非我们明确使用 -Denable-demo 参数,构建系统是不会去构建 demo 程序的。这是因为构建系统是根据一个有向无环图来工作的,这个图记录了不同部分之间的依赖关系。

动态库

在这里,我们使用了之前静态库示例中的所有代码文件,但是对 build.zig 文件进行了修改。

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});

    const libfizzbuzz = b.addSharedLibrary(.{
        .name = "fizzbuzz",
        .root_source_file = b.path("fizzbuzz.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
        .version = .{ .major = 1, .minor = 2, .patch = 3 },
    });

    b.installArtifact(libfizzbuzz);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install fizzbuzz cached
   └─ zig build-lib fizzbuzz Debug native cached 33ms MaxRSS:37M

Output

zig-out
└── lib
    ├── libfizzbuzz.so -> libfizzbuzz.so.1
    ├── libfizzbuzz.so.1 -> libfizzbuzz.so.1.2.3
    └── libfizzbuzz.so.1.2.3

就像在静态库示例中一样,为了让一个可执行文件链接到这个动态库,你需要添加类似这样的代码:

exe.linkLibrary(libfizzbuzz);

测试

单个文件可以直接使用 zig test foo.zig 命令进行测试,然而,更复杂的使用场景可以通过构建脚本来解决。

当使用构建脚本时,单元测试在构建图中被分为两个不同的步骤:Compile 步骤和 Run 步骤。如果没有调用 addRunArtifact 来在这两个步骤之间建立依赖关系,单元测试将不会被执行。

Compile 步骤可以像配置任何可执行文件、库或对象文件一样进行配置,例如通过链接系统库、设置目标选项或添加额外的编译单元。

Run 步骤可以像配置其他 Run 步骤一样进行配置,例如,当主机无法执行二进制文件时,可以跳过执行。

当使用构建系统来运行单元测试时,构建运行器(build runner)和测试运行器(test runner)通过标准输入和标准输出进行通信,以便并发运行多个单元测试套件,并以一种有意义的方式报告测试失败,而不会使它们的输出混淆在一起。这就是为什么在单元测试中向标准输出写数据会是个问题——因为这样会干扰这个通信通道。另一方面,这种机制将启用一个即将推出的功能,即单元测试能够预测 panic

main.zig
const std = @import("std");

test "simple test" {
    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.testing.allocator);
    defer list.deinit();
    try list.append(42);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 42), list.pop());
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

const test_targets = [_]std.Target.Query{
    .{}, // native
    .{
        .cpu_arch = .x86_64,
        .os_tag = .linux,
    },
    .{
        .cpu_arch = .aarch64,
        .os_tag = .macos,
    },
};

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const test_step = b.step("test", "Run unit tests");

    for (test_targets) |target| {
        const unit_tests = b.addTest(.{
            .root_source_file = b.path("main.zig"),
            .target = b.resolveTargetQuery(target),
        });

        const run_unit_tests = b.addRunArtifact(unit_tests);
        test_step.dependOn(&run_unit_tests.step);
    }
}
Shell
$ zig buildtest --summary all
test
└─ run test failure
error: the host system (x86_64-linux.5.10...5.10-gnu.2.31) is unable to execute binaries from the target (aarch64-macos.11.7.1...14.1-none)
Build Summary: 5/7 steps succeeded; 1 failed
test transitive failure
├─ run test cached
│  └─ zig test Debug native cached 49ms MaxRSS:36M
├─ run test cached
│  └─ zig test Debug x86_64-linux cached 61ms MaxRSS:36M
└─ run test failure
   └─ zig test Debug aarch64-macos cached 38ms MaxRSS:36M
error: the following build command failed with exit code 1:
/home/ci/actions-runner-website/_work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/assets/zig-code/build-system/unit-testing/.zig-cache/o/25475ace5ef269b60e98416da65a5cde/build /home/ci/deps/zig-linux-x86_64-0.13.0/zig /home/ci/actions-runner-website/_work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/assets/zig-code/build-system/unit-testing /home/ci/actions-runner-website/_work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/assets/zig-code/build-system/unit-testing/.zig-cache /home/ci/.cache/zig --seed 0x10a7accf -Zd5915bdf16628db4 --color on test --summary all

在这种情况下,为单元测试开启 skip_foreign_checks 可能是个好主意:

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
         });
 
         const run_unit_tests = b.addRunArtifact(unit_tests);
+        run_unit_tests.skip_foreign_checks = true;
         test_step.dependOn(&run_unit_tests.step);
     }
 }

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

const test_targets = [_]std.Target.Query{
    .{}, // native
    .{
        .cpu_arch = .x86_64,
        .os_tag = .linux,
    },
    .{
        .cpu_arch = .aarch64,
        .os_tag = .macos,
    },
};

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const test_step = b.step("test", "Run unit tests");

    for (test_targets) |target| {
        const unit_tests = b.addTest(.{
            .root_source_file = b.path("main.zig"),
            .target = b.resolveTargetQuery(target),
        });

        const run_unit_tests = b.addRunArtifact(unit_tests);
        run_unit_tests.skip_foreign_checks = true;
        test_step.dependOn(&run_unit_tests.step);
    }
}

// zig-doctest: build-system --collapseable -- test --summary all
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 1/1 steps succeeded
install cached

链接系统库

为了满足库依赖,有两个选择:

  1. 通过 Zig 构建系统提供这些库(参见包管理静态库)。
  2. 使用宿主系统提供的文件。

对于上游项目维护者的使用场景,通过 Zig 构建系统获取这些库可以减少很多麻烦,并将配置能力掌握在维护者手中。像这样构建,每个人都会得到可复现、一致的结果,并且它可以在每个操作系统上工作,甚至支持交叉编译。此外,它允许项目精确决定其整个依赖树中希望构建的每个库的确切版本。这被认为是依赖外部库的普遍首选方式。

然而,对于将软件打包到诸如 Debian、Homebrew 或 Nix 等仓库的使用场景,必须链接到系统库。因此,构建脚本必须能检测模式并相应地配置。

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "zip",
        .root_source_file = b.path("zip.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    exe.linkSystemLibrary("z");
    exe.linkLibC();

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 3/3 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install zip cached
   └─ zig build-exe zip Debug native cached 95ms MaxRSS:37M

使用 zig build 的用户可以使用 --search-prefix 参数来提供额外的目录,这些目录将被视为“系统目录”,用于查找静态库和动态库。

生成文件

运行系统工具

这个版本的 “hello world” 期望在相同的路径下找到一个 word.txt 文件,并且我们希望使用一个系统工具从 JSON 文件生成它。

请注意,系统依赖项会使你的项目对用户来说更难构建。例如,这个构建脚本依赖于 jq,而在大多数 Linux 发行版中默认并不包含它,对于 Windows 用户来说可能也不熟悉这个工具。

下一节将使用源代码中包含的 Zig 工具替换 jq,这种方法是更推荐的。

words.json

{
  "en": "world",
  "it": "mondo",
  "ja": "世界" 
}

main.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const self_exe_dir_path = try std.fs.selfExeDirPathAlloc(arena);
    var self_exe_dir = try std.fs.cwd().openDir(self_exe_dir_path, .{});
    defer self_exe_dir.close();

    const word = try self_exe_dir.readFileAlloc(arena, "word.txt", 1000);

    try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("Hello {s}\n", .{word});
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const lang = b.option([]const u8, "language", "language of the greeting") orelse "en";
    const tool_run = b.addSystemCommand(&.{"jq"});
    tool_run.addArgs(&.{
        b.fmt(
            \\.["{s}"]
        , .{lang}),
        "-r", // raw output to omit quotes around the selected string
    });
    tool_run.addFileArg(b.path("words.json"));

    const output = tool_run.captureStdOut();

    b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&b.addInstallFileWithDir(output, .prefix, "word.txt").step);

    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    const install_artifact = b.addInstallArtifact(exe, .{
        .dest_dir = .{ .override = .prefix },
    });
    b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&install_artifact.step);
}
Shell
$ zig build-Dlanguage=ja --summary all

Build Summary: 5/5 steps succeeded
install cached
├─ install generated to word.txt cached
│  └─ run jq cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 48ms MaxRSS:36M

Output

zig-out
├── hello
└── word.txt

注意 captureStdOut 如何创建一个临时文件来存储 jq 命令的输出。

运行项目工具

这个版本的 “hello world” 期望在相同的路径下找到一个 word.txt 文件。我们计划在构建过程中,通过运行一个 Zig 程序来处理 JSON 文件并生成目标文件。

tools/words.json

{
  "en": "world",
  "it": "mondo",
  "ja": "世界" 
}

main.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const self_exe_dir_path = try std.fs.selfExeDirPathAlloc(arena);
    var self_exe_dir = try std.fs.cwd().openDir(self_exe_dir_path, .{});
    defer self_exe_dir.close();

    const word = try self_exe_dir.readFileAlloc(arena, "word.txt", 1000);

    try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("Hello {s}\n", .{word});
}

word_select.zig
const std = @import("std");

const usage =
    \\Usage: ./word_select [options]
    \\
    \\Options:
    \\  --input-file INPUT_JSON_FILE
    \\  --output-file OUTPUT_TXT_FILE
    \\  --lang LANG
    \\
;

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const args = try std.process.argsAlloc(arena);

    var opt_input_file_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var opt_output_file_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var opt_lang: ?[]const u8 = null;

    {
        var i: usize = 1;
        while (i < args.len) : (i += 1) {
            const arg = args[i];
            if (std.mem.eql(u8, "-h", arg) or std.mem.eql(u8, "--help", arg)) {
                try std.io.getStdOut().writeAll(usage);
                return std.process.cleanExit();
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--input-file", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_input_file_path != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_input_file_path = args[i];
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--output-file", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_output_file_path != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_output_file_path = args[i];
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--lang", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_lang != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_lang = args[i];
            } else {
                fatal("unrecognized arg: '{s}'", .{arg});
            }
        }
    }

    const input_file_path = opt_input_file_path orelse fatal("missing --input-file", .{});
    const output_file_path = opt_output_file_path orelse fatal("missing --output-file", .{});
    const lang = opt_lang orelse fatal("missing --lang", .{});

    var input_file = std.fs.cwd().openFile(input_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ input_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer input_file.close();

    var output_file = std.fs.cwd().createFile(output_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ output_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer output_file.close();

    var json_reader = std.json.reader(arena, input_file.reader());
    var words = try std.json.ArrayHashMap([]const u8).jsonParse(arena, &json_reader, .{
        .allocate = .alloc_if_needed,
        .max_value_len = 1000,
    });

    const w = words.map.get(lang) orelse fatal("Lang not found in JSON file", .{});

    try output_file.writeAll(w);
    return std.process.cleanExit();
}

fn fatal(comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) noreturn {
    std.debug.print(format, args);
    std.process.exit(1);
}

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const lang = b.option([]const u8, "language", "language of the greeting") orelse "en";
    const tool = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "word_select",
        .root_source_file = b.path("tools/word_select.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    const tool_step = b.addRunArtifact(tool);
    tool_step.addArg("--input-file");
    tool_step.addFileArg(b.path("tools/words.json"));
    tool_step.addArg("--output-file");
    const output = tool_step.addOutputFileArg("word.txt");
    tool_step.addArgs(&.{ "--lang", lang });

    b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&b.addInstallFileWithDir(output, .prefix, "word.txt").step);

    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    const install_artifact = b.addInstallArtifact(exe, .{
        .dest_dir = .{ .override = .prefix },
    });
    b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&install_artifact.step);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 6/6 steps succeeded
install cached
├─ install generated to word.txt cached
│  └─ run word_select (word.txt) cached
│     └─ zig build-exe word_select Debug native cached 43ms MaxRSS:36M
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 83ms MaxRSS:36M

Output

zig-out
├── hello
└── word.txt

@embedFile 生成文件

这个版本的 “hello world” 希望将构建时生成的文件通过 @embedFile 进行嵌入,我们将使用一个用 Zig 编写的工具来生成这个文件。

tools/words.json

{
  "en": "world",
  "it": "mondo",
  "ja": "世界" 
}

main.zig
const std = @import("std");
const word = @embedFile("word");

pub fn main() !void {
    try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("Hello {s}\n", .{word});
}

word_select.zig
const std = @import("std");

const usage =
    \\Usage: ./word_select [options]
    \\
    \\Options:
    \\  --input-file INPUT_JSON_FILE
    \\  --output-file OUTPUT_TXT_FILE
    \\  --lang LANG
    \\
;

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const args = try std.process.argsAlloc(arena);

    var opt_input_file_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var opt_output_file_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var opt_lang: ?[]const u8 = null;

    {
        var i: usize = 1;
        while (i < args.len) : (i += 1) {
            const arg = args[i];
            if (std.mem.eql(u8, "-h", arg) or std.mem.eql(u8, "--help", arg)) {
                try std.io.getStdOut().writeAll(usage);
                return std.process.cleanExit();
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--input-file", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_input_file_path != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_input_file_path = args[i];
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--output-file", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_output_file_path != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_output_file_path = args[i];
            } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, "--lang", arg)) {
                i += 1;
                if (i > args.len) fatal("expected arg after '{s}'", .{arg});
                if (opt_lang != null) fatal("duplicated {s} argument", .{arg});
                opt_lang = args[i];
            } else {
                fatal("unrecognized arg: '{s}'", .{arg});
            }
        }
    }

    const input_file_path = opt_input_file_path orelse fatal("missing --input-file", .{});
    const output_file_path = opt_output_file_path orelse fatal("missing --output-file", .{});
    const lang = opt_lang orelse fatal("missing --lang", .{});

    var input_file = std.fs.cwd().openFile(input_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ input_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer input_file.close();

    var output_file = std.fs.cwd().createFile(output_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ output_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer output_file.close();

    var json_reader = std.json.reader(arena, input_file.reader());
    var words = try std.json.ArrayHashMap([]const u8).jsonParse(arena, &json_reader, .{
        .allocate = .alloc_if_needed,
        .max_value_len = 1000,
    });

    const w = words.map.get(lang) orelse fatal("Lang not found in JSON file", .{});

    try output_file.writeAll(w);
    return std.process.cleanExit();
}

fn fatal(comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) noreturn {
    std.debug.print(format, args);
    std.process.exit(1);
}

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const lang = b.option([]const u8, "language", "language of the greeting") orelse "en";
    const tool = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "word_select",
        .root_source_file = b.path("tools/word_select.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    const tool_step = b.addRunArtifact(tool);
    tool_step.addArg("--input-file");
    tool_step.addFileArg(b.path("tools/words.json"));
    tool_step.addArg("--output-file");
    const output = tool_step.addOutputFileArg("word.txt");
    tool_step.addArgs(&.{ "--lang", lang });

    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("word", .{
        .root_source_file = output,
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 5/5 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 51ms MaxRSS:36M
      └─ run word_select (word.txt) cached
         └─ zig build-exe word_select Debug native cached 88ms MaxRSS:36M

Output

zig-out/
└── bin
    └── hello

生成 Zig 源代码

这个构建脚本使用一个 Zig 程序来生成一个 Zig 源文件,并将其作为模块提供给主程序。

main.zig
const std = @import("std");
const Person = @import("person").Person;

pub fn main() !void {
    const p: Person = .{};
    try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("Hello {any}\n", .{p});
}
generate_struct.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const args = try std.process.argsAlloc(arena);

    if (args.len != 2) fatal("wrong number of arguments", .{});

    const output_file_path = args[1];

    var output_file = std.fs.cwd().createFile(output_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ output_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer output_file.close();

    try output_file.writeAll(
        \\pub const Person = struct {
        \\   age: usize = 18,
        \\   name: []const u8 = "foo"        
        \\};
    );
    return std.process.cleanExit();
}

fn fatal(comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) noreturn {
    std.debug.print(format, args);
    std.process.exit(1);
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const tool = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "generate_struct",
        .root_source_file = b.path("tools/generate_struct.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    const tool_step = b.addRunArtifact(tool);
    const output = tool_step.addOutputFileArg("person.zig");

    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "hello",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });

    exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("person", .{
        .root_source_file = output,
    });

    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 5/5 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello Debug native cached 39ms MaxRSS:36M
      └─ run generate_struct (person.zig) cached
         └─ zig build-exe generate_struct Debug native cached 53ms MaxRSS:36M

Output

zig-out/
└── bin
    └── hello

处理一个或多个生成的文件

WriteFiles 步骤提供了一种方法,用于生成同一父目录下一个或多个文件。生成的目录位于项目的 .zig-cache 里,每个生成的文件以及父目录本身都可以独立地作为 std.Build.LazyPath 使用。

这个 API 支持将任意字符串写入生成的目录,以及将文件复制到其中。

main.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("hello world\n", .{});
}
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "app",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = b.host,
    });

    const version = b.option([]const u8, "version", "application version string") orelse "0.0.0";

    const wf = b.addWriteFiles();
    const app_exe_name = b.fmt("project/{s}", .{exe.out_filename});
    _ = wf.addCopyFile(exe.getEmittedBin(), app_exe_name);
    _ = wf.add("project/version.txt", version);

    const tar = b.addSystemCommand(&.{ "tar", "czf" });
    tar.setCwd(wf.getDirectory());
    const out_file = tar.addOutputFileArg("project.tar.gz");
    tar.addArgs(&.{"project/"});

    const install_tar = b.addInstallFileWithDir(out_file, .prefix, "project.tar.gz");
    b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&install_tar.step);
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 5/5 steps succeeded
install cached
└─ install generated to project.tar.gz cached
   └─ run tar (project.tar.gz) cached
      └─ WriteFile project/app cached
         └─ zig build-exe app Debug native cached 68ms MaxRSS:36M

Output

zig-out/
└── project.tar.gz

直接修改源文件

虽然不常见,但有时项目会将生成的文件直接提交到版本控制中。当生成的文件很少更新,且更新过程依赖于繁琐的系统依赖时,这样做可能是有用的,但仅限于更新过程中。

为此,WriteFiles 提供了一种方法来完成这个任务。这个功能将在未来的 Zig 版本中从 WriteFiles 中提取出来,成为一个独立的构建步骤

使用这个功能时要小心;它不应该在正常的构建过程中使用,而应该由有意更新源文件的开发者作为工具运行,然后这些文件将被提交到版本控制中。如果在正常的构建过程中使用,它将导致缓存和并发错误。

proto_gen.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();
    const arena = arena_state.allocator();

    const args = try std.process.argsAlloc(arena);

    if (args.len != 2) fatal("wrong number of arguments", .{});

    const output_file_path = args[1];

    var output_file = std.fs.cwd().createFile(output_file_path, .{}) catch |err| {
        fatal("unable to open '{s}': {s}", .{ output_file_path, @errorName(err) });
    };
    defer output_file.close();

    try output_file.writeAll(
        \\pub const Header = extern struct {
        \\    magic: u64,
        \\    width: u32,
        \\    height: u32,
        \\};
    );
    return std.process.cleanExit();
}

fn fatal(comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) noreturn {
    std.debug.print(format, args);
    std.process.exit(1);
}
main.zig
const std = @import("std");
const Protocol = @import("protocol.zig");

pub fn main() !void {
    const header = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readStruct(Protocol.Header);
    std.debug.print("header: {any}\n", .{header});
}
protocol.zig
pub const Header = extern struct {
    magic: u64,
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
};
build.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "demo",
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
    });
    b.installArtifact(exe);

    const proto_gen = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "proto_gen",
        .root_source_file = b.path("tools/proto_gen.zig"),
    });

    const run = b.addRunArtifact(proto_gen);
    const generated_protocol_file = run.addOutputFileArg("protocol.zig");

    const wf = b.addWriteFiles();
    wf.addCopyFileToSource(generated_protocol_file, "src/protocol.zig");

    const update_protocol_step = b.step("update-protocol", "update src/protocol.zig to latest");
    update_protocol_step.dependOn(&wf.step);
}

fn detectWhetherToEnableLibFoo() bool {
    return false;
}

$ zig build update-protocol --summary all
Build Summary: 4/4 steps succeeded
update-protocol success
└─ WriteFile success
   └─ run proto_gen (protocol.zig) success 401us MaxRSS:1M
      └─ zig build-exe proto_gen Debug native success 1s MaxRSS:183M

运行这个命令后,src/protocol.zig 文件会被原地更新。

实用示例

为多个目标构建以发布版本

在这个例子中,我们在创建 InstallArtifact 步骤时更改一些默认设置,以便将每个目标的构建产物放入安装路径内的单独子目录中。

build.zig
const std = @import("std");

const targets: []const std.Target.Query = &.{
    .{ .cpu_arch = .aarch64, .os_tag = .macos },
    .{ .cpu_arch = .aarch64, .os_tag = .linux },
    .{ .cpu_arch = .x86_64, .os_tag = .linux, .abi = .gnu },
    .{ .cpu_arch = .x86_64, .os_tag = .linux, .abi = .musl },
    .{ .cpu_arch = .x86_64, .os_tag = .windows },
};

pub fn build(b: *std.Build) !void {
    for (targets) |t| {
        const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
            .name = "hello",
            .root_source_file = b.path("hello.zig"),
            .target = b.resolveTargetQuery(t),
            .optimize = .ReleaseSafe,
        });

        const target_output = b.addInstallArtifact(exe, .{
            .dest_dir = .{
                .override = .{
                    .custom = try t.zigTriple(b.allocator),
                },
            },
        });

        b.getInstallStep().dependOn(&target_output.step);
    }
}
Shell
$ zig build--summary all

Build Summary: 11/11 steps succeeded
install cached
├─ install hello cached
│  └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSafe aarch64-macos cached 33ms MaxRSS:36M
├─ install hello cached
│  └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSafe aarch64-linux cached 98ms MaxRSS:36M
├─ install hello cached
│  └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSafe x86_64-linux-gnu cached 37ms MaxRSS:33M
├─ install hello cached
│  └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSafe x86_64-linux-musl cached 43ms MaxRSS:36M
└─ install hello cached
   └─ zig build-exe hello ReleaseSafe x86_64-windows cached 45ms MaxRSS:36M
hello.zig
const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    std.debug.print("Hello World!\n", .{});
}

Output

zig-out
├── aarch64-linux
│   └── hello
├── aarch64-macos
│   └── hello
├── x86_64-linux-gnu
│   └── hello
├── x86_64-linux-musl
│   └── hello
└── x86_64-windows
    ├── hello.exe
    └── hello.pdb