أمثلة

كشف تسرب الذاكرة

باستخدام std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator يمكنك تتبُع التحريرات المزدوجة وتسريبات الذاكرة.

leak.zig

const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    var general_purpose_allocator = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
    defer std.debug.assert(general_purpose_allocator.deinit() == .ok);

    const gpa = general_purpose_allocator.allocator();

    const u32_ptr = try gpa.create(u32);
    _ = u32_ptr; // silences unused variable error

    // oops I forgot to free!
}

$ zig build-exe leak.zig
$ ./leak
error(gpa): memory address 0x7fa6d14e2000 leaked: 
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/doctest-57afe130/leak.zig:9:35: 0x10362b0 in main (leak)
    const u32_ptr = try gpa.create(u32);
                                  ^
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/zig/lib/std/start.zig:511:37: 0x1036195 in posixCallMainAndExit (leak)
            const result = root.main() catch |err| {
                                    ^
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/zig/lib/std/start.zig:253:5: 0x1035cb1 in _start (leak)
    asm volatile (switch (native_arch) {
    ^

thread 2711 panic: reached unreachable code
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/zig/lib/std/debug.zig:403:14: 0x103651d in assert (leak)
    if (!ok) unreachable; // assertion failure
             ^
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/doctest-57afe130/leak.zig:5:27: 0x1036312 in main (leak)
    defer std.debug.assert(general_purpose_allocator.deinit() == .ok);
                          ^
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/zig/lib/std/start.zig:511:37: 0x1036195 in posixCallMainAndExit (leak)
            const result = root.main() catch |err| {
                                    ^
/home/runner/work/www.ziglang.org/www.ziglang.org/zig/lib/std/start.zig:253:5: 0x1035cb1 in _start (leak)
    asm volatile (switch (native_arch) {
    ^
???:?:?: 0x0 in ??? (???)
(process terminated by signal)

التوافق مع C

مثال لتوريد ملف تعريفي بلغة الـC وربط مكتبات libc وraylib.

// build with `zig build-exe cimport.zig -lc -lraylib`
const ray = @cImport({
    @cInclude("raylib.h");
});

pub fn main() void {
    const screenWidth = 800;
    const screenHeight = 450;

    ray.InitWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "raylib [core] example - basic window");
    defer ray.CloseWindow();

    ray.SetTargetFPS(60);

    while (!ray.WindowShouldClose()) {
        ray.BeginDrawing();
        defer ray.EndDrawing();

        ray.ClearBackground(ray.RAYWHITE);
        ray.DrawText("Hello, World!", 190, 200, 20, ray.LIGHTGRAY);
    }
}

Zigg Zagg

صممت Zig لأسئلة اختبارات البرمجة (غير صحيح).

zag.zig

const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
    var i: usize = 1;
    while (i <= 16) : (i += 1) {
        if (i % 15 == 0) {
            try stdout.writeAll("ZiggZagg\n");
        } else if (i % 3 == 0) {
            try stdout.writeAll("Zigg\n");
        } else if (i % 5 == 0) {
            try stdout.writeAll("Zagg\n");
        } else {
            try stdout.print("{d}\n", .{i});
        }
    }
}

$ zig build-exe zag.zig
$ ./zag
1
2
Zigg
4
Zagg
Zigg
7
8
Zigg
Zagg
11
Zigg
13
14
ZiggZagg
16

الأنواع العامة

الأنواع في Zig هي قيم معروفة في زمن التصريف ويمكننا استخدام وظائف ترجع أنواع لتنفيذ خوارزميات عامة وهيكلة البيانات. في هذا المثال سنقوم بتنفيذ صف (queue) عام مٌبسّط وسنختبره.

queue.zig

const std = @import("std");

pub fn Queue(comptime Child: type) type {
    return struct {
        const This = @This();
        const Node = struct {
            data: Child,
            next: ?*Node,
        };
        gpa: std.mem.Allocator,
        start: ?*Node,
        end: ?*Node,

        pub fn init(gpa: std.mem.Allocator) This {
            return This{
                .gpa = gpa,
                .start = null,
                .end = null,
            };
        }
        pub fn enqueue(this: *This, value: Child) !void {
            const node = try this.gpa.create(Node);
            node.* = .{ .data = value, .next = null };
            if (this.end) |end| end.next = node //
            else this.start = node;
            this.end = node;
        }
        pub fn dequeue(this: *This) ?Child {
            const start = this.start orelse return null;
            defer this.gpa.destroy(start);
            if (start.next) |next|
                this.start = next
            else {
                this.start = null;
                this.end = null;
            }
            return start.data;
        }
    };
}

test "queue" {
    var int_queue = Queue(i32).init(std.testing.allocator);

    try int_queue.enqueue(25);
    try int_queue.enqueue(50);
    try int_queue.enqueue(75);
    try int_queue.enqueue(100);

    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), 25);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), 50);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), 75);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), 100);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), null);

    try int_queue.enqueue(5);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), 5);
    try std.testing.expectEqual(int_queue.dequeue(), null);
}

$ zig test queue.zig
1/1 queue.test.queue... OK
All 1 tests passed.

استخدام cURL من Zig

// compile with `zig build-exe zig-curl-test.zig --library curl --library c $(pkg-config --cflags libcurl)`
const std = @import("std");
const cURL = @cImport({
    @cInclude("curl/curl.h");
});

pub fn main() !void {
    var arena_state = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.c_allocator);
    defer arena_state.deinit();

    const allocator = arena_state.allocator();

    // global curl init, or fail
    if (cURL.curl_global_init(cURL.CURL_GLOBAL_ALL) != cURL.CURLE_OK)
        return error.CURLGlobalInitFailed;
    defer cURL.curl_global_cleanup();

    // curl easy handle init, or fail
    const handle = cURL.curl_easy_init() orelse return error.CURLHandleInitFailed;
    defer cURL.curl_easy_cleanup(handle);

    var response_buffer = std.ArrayList(u8).init(allocator);

    // superfluous when using an arena allocator, but
    // important if the allocator implementation changes
    defer response_buffer.deinit();

    // setup curl options
    if (cURL.curl_easy_setopt(handle, cURL.CURLOPT_URL, "https://ziglang.org") != cURL.CURLE_OK)
        return error.CouldNotSetURL;

    // set write function callbacks
    if (cURL.curl_easy_setopt(handle, cURL.CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, writeToArrayListCallback) != cURL.CURLE_OK)
        return error.CouldNotSetWriteCallback;
    if (cURL.curl_easy_setopt(handle, cURL.CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response_buffer) != cURL.CURLE_OK)
        return error.CouldNotSetWriteCallback;

    // perform
    if (cURL.curl_easy_perform(handle) != cURL.CURLE_OK)
        return error.FailedToPerformRequest;

    std.log.info("Got response of {d} bytes", .{response_buffer.items.len});
    std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{response_buffer.items});
}

fn writeToArrayListCallback(data: *anyopaque, size: c_uint, nmemb: c_uint, user_data: *anyopaque) callconv(.C) c_uint {
    var buffer: *std.ArrayList(u8) = @alignCast(@ptrCast(user_data));
    var typed_data: [*]u8 = @ptrCast(data);
    buffer.appendSlice(typed_data[0 .. nmemb * size]) catch return 0;
    return nmemb * size;
}